Biography of Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)

Literature:

1. To the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin. Theses of the CPSU Central Committee, M., 1970;
2. To the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin, Collection of documents and materials, M., 1970.
3. V. I. Lenin. Biography, 5th ed., M., 1972;
4. V. I. Lenin. Biographical chronicle, 1870 - 1924, vol. 1-3, M., 1970-72;
5. Memoirs of V.I. Lenin, vol. 1-5, M., 1968-1969;
6. Krupskaya N.K., About Lenin. Sat. Art. and performances. 2nd ed., M., 1965;
7. Leninian, Library of works by V.I. Lenin and literature about him 1956-1967, in 3 volumes, vol. 1-2, M., 1971-72;
8. Lenin is still more alive than anyone else alive. Recommendatory index of memoirs and biographical literature about V. I. Lenin, M., 1968;
9. Memories of V.I. Lenin. Annotated index of books and journal articles 1954-1961, M., 1963;
10. Lenin. Historical and biographical atlas, M., 1970;
11. Lenin. Collection of photographs and film footage, vol. 1-2, M., 1970-72.

V. Ya. Zevin.

Lena Lenina: height, weight and figure parameters ^

According to some sources, Lena Lenina was born on October 25, 1971, but some sources indicate the years 1977 and 1979. She grew up in a small academic town in the Novosibirsk region in a family of doctors: her father was a scientist who researched methods of treating tumors and HIV, and her mother worked as a cardiologist.

Since childhood, Lena was restless, which is why her friends gave her the nickname “Torpedo”. She studied in a class with in-depth study of the French language, and excelled in this, and even participated in poetry recitation competitions. Her parents predicted a scientific career for Lena, but everything changed when a friend invited her to audition for a modeling agency. They successfully passed them, and after some time they began to earn money on their own.

Lena Lenina: height 175 cm, weight 58 kg

After graduating from school, Lenina entered the local university at the Faculty of Geology, but, without studying there for even a year, she took her documents and completely plunged into modeling art. Feeling a commercial streak, she opened her own modeling agency, Helen-Video.

At that time, the staff consisted of one person, and that was herself. Lena was shooting videos and taking orders. Soon the flow of clients became prohibitively large, and she decided to expand, growing an ordinary room with a minimum of equipment into a full-fledged television studio.

Having achieved fame in Novosibirsk, Lenina decided to completely immerse herself in working on television. For several years she was a TV presenter on a local channel, but under the name of her first husband, Povalyaev. Then she decided to radically change her life and move to Moscow. There the girl hosted the programs “Business Fever” and “Paris Revelations.”

Lenina's career quickly took off, and then she again decided to try her luck by risking moving to Paris. While living in France, the TV presenter participated in the reality show “Nice people”, and in 2003 she starred in the film “Johann Sebastian Bach and Anna Magdalena”. At the same time, she began her modeling career, taking part in the Cannes Film Festival. Since then, she appears there every year, shocking the audience with outrageous outfits and dizzying hairstyles.

While still in France, Lenina met Count Pascal Florent-Edouard, with whom she married in 2012. A couple of years later the couple broke up. According to unconfirmed reports, the reason was the reasons for jealousy that Lenina gave when she was already popular.

After the divorce, Lenina did not express a desire to get married and build a relationship, but in 2020 she went on vacation with Prokhor Chaliapin, and joint photographs posted on social networks confirmed this.

Does Lena Lenina go on diets?

Lena Lenina’s figure parameters: 90-65-93 (chest-waist-hips)
It is noteworthy that Lena Lenina’s height and weight throughout her life remain in the ratio of 175 cm and 58 kg. Previously, she practiced different diets, but recently she came to the conclusion that to lose weight it is enough to systematize your diet and not give in to temptations.

Clothing and shoe sizes

Secrets of slimness and beauty from Lena Lenina:

• Because of her work, she often has to do high hairstyles, which damage her hair and make it weak. To strengthen the roots, Lena uses Moroccan Rhassoul clay instead of shampoo: she dilutes it in a glass of water and washes her hair. It does not foam, but cleanses the curls of dirt and subcutaneous fat, and also prevents hair loss;

• Lenina uses gommages and scrubs to care for her skin and fight wrinkles. She believes that all products with hyaluronic acid are just another way for cosmetic companies to make money, and hyaluronic acid can only be injected. The TV presenter loves this kind of peeling: mixes coffee grounds with argan oil, applies to the face and massages all areas for 2-3 minutes, then rinses off with warm water and uses a nourishing mask;
• To cleanse and nourish the skin, Lena prepares her own mask from natural yogurt, a small portion of honey and a few drops of lemon juice. She recommends keeping it on your face for no more than 15 minutes, because... Citrus may cause irritation if this product is overused.

The best recipe for losing weight from Lena Lenina is a healthy diet, good sleep and exercise, but in addition to a slim figure, it is also important to have beautiful skin. Therefore, she recommends not only following a daily routine, but also choosing natural care products.

Children of Lena Lenina

The public is showing great interest in Lena Lenina's children. It is known that the writer has a son, Clementy, who was born in her first marriage with a student at the university where she studied. At first after the birth of the baby, harmony reigned in the family, but soon the couple began to quarrel. During one of these quarrels, Lena's husband broke her collarbone, after which the writer filed for divorce.

Children of Lena Lenina photo The artist says that she has her own approach to raising her son and tries to interfere as little as possible, giving the child the freedom to make decisions on his own. She also often takes the boy with her to business meetings so that he has an understanding of business from an early age.

Instagram and Wikipedia Lena Lenina

The artist keeps up with the times, realizing that social networks are a great way to maintain attention to your person. She actively updates her Instagram page, sharing photos from exhibitions, concerts, fashion shows and other public events with subscribers.

Instagram and Wikipedia Lena Lenina photo

Lena also does not forget to post photos from her personal archive, in which we see a business woman on vacation, in a restaurant, on an airplane or driving her car.

It is also worth noting that Lena is characterized by a healthy dose of self-irony, which is especially noticeable in the video, where the writer jokes about her incredible hairstyles and outfits.

What did Lenin die from?

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov-Lenin, 1910 Photo: Wikimedia Commons Name: Vladimir

Middle name: Ilyich

Last name: Ulyanov (Lenin). Signed as Ulyanov-Lenin

Born: April 9 (22), 1870

Died: January 21, 1924

Cause of death: atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels with calcification, hemorrhagic stroke against the background of previous ischemic strokes and transient cerebrovascular accidents.

Lenin lived, Lenin is alive, Lenin will live.
Folk wisdom
Writing about the life and death of one of the most famous people who lived in the 19th and 20th centuries is very difficult - entire institutes studied the life of our hero, in Soviet times his biography was crammed in school, and the eldest author wore his portrait on his chest with first to third (October badge) and from third to ninth (pioneer badge) classes. The pseudonym of our hero became a name for many people (film director Marlen Khutsiev, for example, bore his surname and the surname of Karl Marx), and one Venezuelan citizen named Jose Altagarcia Ramirez-Navas gave his sons names in honor of the first, surname and patronymic of our hero. Therefore, one of the most famous terrorists in the world, who earned the nickname Jackal, was actually named Ilyich Ramirez Sanchez.

If we had ignored this figure, nothing would have happened. On the other hand, since on the pages of our two books we are talking about the medical context of the life and death of Stalin, Brezhnev, Andropov and Chernenko, as well as Vladimir Ilyich’s wife, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya, it would be unfair to completely neglect Lenin himself. However, we will not dwell in detail on the biography of our hero, which indeed has not yet been examined under a microscope, having highlighted only some points, and we will focus on one important aspect of the last two years of his life, which, as it turned out, may have been back in 1970 s slowed down the development of neuroscience in the USSR.

Anamnesis vitae

Oddly enough, the most famous son of the inspector of public schools of the Simbirsk province, Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, was truly an extraordinary person in terms of cognitive abilities. And at the gymnasium they noted that Volodya “is a very talented, diligent and careful student. He does very well in all subjects. He behaves exemplarily,” and people who had no reason to treat Lenin well confirmed the exceptional abilities of young Ulyanov.

Here, for example, is what his classmate, Alexander Nikolaevich Naumov, who was the Minister of Agriculture of the Russian Empire in 1915–1916, recalled (which also speaks about the level of the gymnasium, where the future head of the provisional government, Alexander Kerensky, also studied):

“He had absolutely exceptional abilities, had an enormous memory, was distinguished by insatiable scientific curiosity and extraordinary capacity for work... Truly, it was a walking encyclopedia, useful and reference for his comrades and serving as universal pride for his teachers... By nature, Ulyanov was of an even and rather cheerful disposition , but extremely secretive and cold in comradely relations: he was not friends with anyone, he was on good terms with everyone... in the class he enjoyed great respect and business authority among all his comrades, but at the same time, it cannot be said that he loved, rather, appreciated.”

And one more important fact: apparently, if not for one family tragedy, Vladimir Ilyich would not have become a revolutionary and leader of the world proletariat at all. He was moving towards a brilliant career as a lawyer. He could well have overtaken his father, who rose to the rank of actual state councilor - a rank similar to army major general. It is not known how Ilya Nikolaevich would have progressed if not for his death from apoplexy (presumably, no autopsy was performed). Vladimir had the abilities and chances to rise to the rank of minister. For example, the Minister of Education. But while Volodya was growing and studying, his older brother Alexander was preparing an assassination attempt on Alexander III. The arrest and execution of his brother, as well as his revolutionary activities, were like a bolt from the blue for the family. Among other things, they put a big, bold end to a government career for any family member. However, Volodya still made such a career. To do this, he had to take a different path.

Intelligence, prudence and a certain worldly wisdom beyond his years always distinguished Lenin. No wonder one of his first nicknames was Old Man (this is in his early 20s!).

Lenin was lucky: unlike many other comrades in the cause of the revolution, he was not very shaken - except for exile in Shushenskoye and quite comfortable, primarily thanks to the family fund, which was based on his mother’s general’s pension, emigration, Vladimir Ilyich did not experience any special hardships. Contemporaries only note the fact that periods of unprecedented activity and simply demonic performance were interspersed with a breakdown that could unsettle Ilyich for several weeks. But his first serious and obvious health problems began only after Fanny Kaplan was shot on August 30, 1918. Lenin was hit by two bullets, but surprisingly not a single major blood vessel was hit. The wound seemed fatal, but Vladimir Mints successfully performed the operation, and Lenin quickly recovered.

Anamnesis morbi

Already in January 1921, Lenin complained of headaches and dizziness. Lenin's personal doctor Fedor Aleksandrovich Getye diagnoses overwork. The winter of 1921/22 was very difficult - pain and dizziness increased, and sometimes Lenin lost his balance. According to the testimony of Professor Liveriy Darkshevich, one of the founders of neurosurgery in Russia, who examined the leader on March 4, 1922, there were “two painful phenomena for Vladimir Ilyich: firstly, a mass of extremely severe neurasthenic manifestations that completely deprived him of the opportunity to work the way he worked before , and secondly, a number of obsessions, which by their appearance greatly frightened the patient.”

. Lenin even wondered whether he was in danger of going mad.

The next diagnosis that the doctors suggested was lead poisoning from the bullets that Fanny Kaplan fired at Lenin. Doctors suggested surgery and removed one of the bullets. Did not help.

In the spring of 1922, things became completely alarming: at about 4 o’clock in the morning on May 26, Lenin was vomiting (this had happened before), but after it, Ilyich could hardly explain what was happening to him, could not read, and could only write the letter “m” " Weakness appeared in the right arm and right leg, which lasted about an hour and then disappeared. We now understand that in this case, doctors observed a transient cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic attack. For a short period of time, areas of the brain were no longer supplied with enough blood, but this happened quickly enough to cause significant damage to the brain.

Late in the evening of Saturday, May 27, a headache, complete loss of speech and weakness of the right limbs appeared. Neurosurgeon Vasily Kramer makes a diagnosis: “the phenomenon of transcortical motor aphasia due to thrombosis.” Kramer believes that cerebral ischemia occurs due to vascular atherosclerosis, but this atherosclerosis behaved somehow differently from what usually happens: “arteriosclerosis is a disease that already has something in its very nature that leads to immediate, but always a progressive increase in the once established painful processes.”

But Lenin recovered quickly. However, already at the beginning of June, a whole team of German and Swedish doctors was assigned to him, led by Otfried Förster, an outstanding neurosurgeon (Förster arrived first, the rest arrived in 1923, after another stroke). Maybe they can understand Ilyich's illness? Because Getye (if you believe Trotsky) openly admitted that he did not understand what was happening to Lenin.

At the end of May, the version about vascular damage by Treponema pallidum - syphilis - was also checked. If the assumption were confirmed, it would be good: neurologist Grigory Rossolimo, in a conversation with Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova on May 30, 1922, said: “... The situation is extremely serious, and there would be hope for recovery only if the basis of the brain process were syphilitic vascular changes"

. In any case, tests were done, but we don’t know the results.

Another thing is that Lenin began to recover in June! On June 11 he felt much better. They write that, upon waking up, he said: “I immediately felt that a new force had entered me. I feel quite well... A strange illness,” he added, “what could it be?” I'd like to read about it"

. And he began to read books on medicine by his brother, doctor Dmitry Ulyanov.

On August 25, there was a complete (!) restoration of motor functions and a general restoration of health - no pathological reflexes were detected in Lenin. He plunges back into work - and works closely until October, when he again feels ill. Lenin's last public appearance took place on November 20, 1922. He still wants to speak at the X All-Russian Congress of Soviets; on December 12 he returns to Moscow, but on December 13 he had two severe attacks with paresis of the limbs and complete loss of speech. And even in this situation, the doctors have difficulty dissuading Lenin from speaking!

On December 22–23, 1922, we again discovered a sharp deterioration in health: again hemiplegia, paralysis of the right half of the body, arms and legs did not work. Apparently, we are seeing a second “classic” ischemic stroke. The next day, Stalin convenes a meeting of state leaders and doctors, at which it is decided:

"1. Vladimir Ilyich is given the right to dictate daily for 5–10 minutes, but this should not be in the nature of correspondence, and Vladimir Ilyich should not wait for an answer to these notes. Dating is prohibited.

2. Neither friends nor family should tell Vladimir Ilyich anything from political life, so as not to provide material for thought and worry.”

Seizures and strokes follow one after another: March 6, 1923, March 10, 1923... But Lenin recovers again! On May 15 he is taken to Gorki, in July he begins to walk, tries to write with his left hand, and in August he is already looking through newspapers!

On October 18, 1923, Lenin came to the Kremlin for the last time: he went into his office, drove through the Agricultural Exhibition, spent the night in his Kremlin apartment and left for Gorki in the morning. Forever.

The last attack of the disease occurred on January 21, 1924. A very interesting document has been preserved about Lenin’s death itself.

Report of Pyotr Petrovich Pakalna (1886–1937, head of security for V.I. Ulyanov. Shot, rehabilitated posthumously by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR in 1956). The text was kindly provided by Valery Novoselov, a remarkable researcher of Lenin’s illness and death.

“I inform you that on January 21 this year. g. Vladimir Ilyich’s health condition worsened. Vladimir Ilyich got up at 10 1/2 o'clock in the morning, went to the restroom on the second floor, did not come down for morning breakfast, drank 1/2 glass of black coffee in the upper dining room and went to bed at 11 o'clock. At 3 o'clock Vladimir Ilyich was served a weak lunch, broth and 1/2 glass of coffee, he was in a sluggish, sleepy state, Professor Osipov was near Vladimir Ilyich. The pulse was somewhat frequent, but of good filling, the temperature was normal until 5 hours 40 minutes. At 5:40 a.m. a seizure began, accompanied by nausea, which lasted until death, and at 6:50 a.m. Vladimir Ilyich died. Head of special security Pakaln. Autograph".

So Lenin died. Lenin was dissected there, in Gorki, “on the second floor of a house in a room with a terrace facing west. The body of Vladimir Ilyich lay on two tables, covered with oilcloth, placed side by side.” The autopsy was performed (more precisely, it was supervised - quite a lot of specialists took part in the autopsy) by the famous pathologist Alexey Ivanovich Abrikosov. He then engaged in the embalming of Ilyich’s body. His son, also Alexei, will win the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Here is the autopsy report of the leader of the world proletariat:

“An elderly man, of the right physique, satisfactory nutrition. On the skin of the anterior end of the right clavicle there is a linear scar 2 cm long. On the outer surface of the left shoulder there is another scar of irregular shape, 2 x 1 cm (the first trace of a bullet). On the skin of the back at the angle of the left shoulder blade there is a 1 cm round scar (mark of the second bullet). At the border of the lower and middle parts of the humerus, a bone callus is felt. Above this place on the shoulder, the first bullet, surrounded by a connective tissue membrane, is felt in the soft tissues. The skull - upon opening - the dura mater is thickened along the longitudinal sinus, dull, pale. In the left temporal and partially frontal region there is yellow pigmentation. The anterior part of the left hemisphere, compared to the right, is somewhat sunken. Fusion of the soft and dura maters at the left Sylvian fissure. The brain - without the meninges - weighs 1340. In the left hemisphere, in the area of ​​the precentral gyri, parietal and occipital lobes, paracentral fissures and temporal gyri, there are areas of strong retraction of the surface of the brain. The pia mater in these places is cloudy, whitish, with a yellowish tint.

Vessels of the base of the brain. Both vertebral arteries do not collapse, their walls are dense, the lumen in the section is sharply narrowed (gap). The same changes are observed in the posterior cerebral arteries. The internal carotid arteries, as well as the anterior arteries of the brain, are dense, with uneven thickening of the walls; their lumen is significantly narrowed. The left internal carotid artery in its intracranial part does not have a lumen and on a section appears as a solid, dense, whitish cord. The left Sylvian artery is very thin and compacted, but on section it retains a small slit-like lumen. When the brain is cut, its ventricles are dilated, especially the left one, and contain fluid. In places of retractions there is softening of brain tissue with many cystic cavities. Foci of fresh hemorrhage in the area of ​​the choroid plexus covering the quadrigeminal region.

Internal organs. There are adhesions of the pleural cavities. The heart is enlarged, and there is thickening of the semilunar and bicuspid valves. In the ascending aorta there is a small amount of bulging yellowish plaques. The coronary arteries are strongly condensed, their lumen gapes and is clearly narrowed. On the inner surface of the descending aorta, as well as the larger arteries of the abdominal cavity, there are numerous, strongly bulging yellowish plaques, some of which are ulcerated and petrified.

Lungs. There is a scar in the upper part of the left lung, penetrating 1 cm into the depth of the lung. At the top there is fibrous thickening of the pleura.

Spleen, liver, intestines, pancreas, endocrine organs, kidneys without visible features. Anatomical diagnosis. Widespread atherosclerosis of the arteries with pronounced damage to the arteries of the brain. Atherosclerosis of the descending aorta. Hypertrophy of the left ventricle of the heart, multiple foci of yellow softening (due to vascular sclerosis) in the left hemisphere of the brain during the period of resorption and transformation into cysts. Fresh hemorrhage in the choroid plexus of the brain above the quadrigeminal. Bone callus of the humerus.

Encapsulated bullet in soft tissue in upper left shoulder.

Conclusion. The basis of the disease of the deceased is widespread atherosclerosis of blood vessels due to their premature wear (Abnutzungssclerose). Due to the narrowing of the lumen of the arteries of the brain and disruption of its nutrition from insufficient blood flow, focal softening of the brain tissue occurred, explaining all the previous symptoms of the disease (paralysis, speech disorders). The immediate cause of death was: 1) increased circulatory disorders in the brain; 2) hemorrhage into the pia mater in the quadrigeminal region"

.

So, let’s comment and draw some conclusions:

1. the final point was set by a hemorrhagic stroke;
2. Since at least 1921, Lenin experienced many transient cerebrovascular accidents (TSI, brief ischemia of the brain) and a number of ischemic strokes (traces of this in the autopsy report, what is called softening of the brain);
3. The physical cause of all strokes and PNMK was atherosclerosis of vessels of unusual shape - their calcification, their transformation into stone. According to eyewitnesses, Lenin’s blood vessels were knocking like a stone on tweezers. And this is quite interesting - if you consider that Lenin’s father died of a stroke, his two sisters died of sudden cardiac death, and due to atherosclerosis, his youngest brother, Dmitry, had both legs amputated.

The answer to the latter fact seems to have come in a 2013 article published in the journal Human Pathology

1. In it, researchers from the USA and Russia write about the possible cause of Ilyich’s “strange illness”. It turns out that in 2011, such a hereditary pathology 2 was described in nine people from three families, associated with a mutation in the ecto-5'-nucleotidase gene (NT5E). These people had just such a pathology - calcification of the blood vessels in the legs, which led to lameness.

"Given the similarity of the disorder described above to what we know about Lenin (and likely Lenin's family), the final possible explanation for Lenin's highly unusual form of atherosclerosis is an as yet undiscovered variant of the disorder described by Saint-Hilaire and colleagues [in a 2011 publication of the year]. The Lenin variant, if it existed, was associated only with extensive calcification of the major vessels of the brain, not the legs, and was also characterized by long-lasting headaches (migraines) rather than pain in the legs (claudication). This hypothesis can be tested by conducting genetic studies on the tissues of Lenin, preserved in his Mausoleum, or on those stored at the Moscow Brain Institute. However, it is unlikely that permission to do so will be granted to any researcher in the foreseeable future."

.

Eight years have passed, and no research on Lenin’s genetic pathologies has appeared.

Well, the last thing - and the most important thing I want to say. A “closed” attitude to the scientific study of Lenin’s death from the standpoint of “as if no one thought anything” is some kind of curse of Russian science. This is not the first time that it has hampered the development of our knowledge about the brain (which is what the Brain Institute was originally dedicated to).

Here is a very interesting fact: documents about Lenin’s death, his medical history and the cause of death could have been published during the Brezhnev years - this was done by the “doctor of the leaders” Evgeniy Ivanovich Chazov. Having studied all available documents, Chazov wrote: “Another thing was amazing - the extent of the damage to the brain tissue with relatively preserved intelligence, self-criticism and thinking.

We suggested that the possibilities of Lenin’s creative work after suffering a stroke were associated with the greater compensatory properties of his brain.

This conclusion was also signed by the then USSR Minister of Health B.V. Petrovsky. However, it was precisely this last assumption that not only delayed the publication of material that was interesting, even from a medical point of view, but also caused a peculiar reaction from Suslov. After reading the conclusion, he said: “You claim that Lenin’s last works were created by him with a severely damaged brain. But this cannot be. Will this not cause unnecessary conversations and discussions?” He simply did not accept my objections and evidence of the colossal capabilities of brain tissue and ordered our conclusion to be hidden away.”

.

But such a publication could spur research on neuroplasticity in the USSR, which is now very widespread all over the world and for which not so long ago (in 2020) a “new Nobel Prize” - the Kavli Prize - was awarded to Michael Merzenich, Karla Schatz and Eva Marder. But alas, alternative history is the lot of modern science fiction writers. And there is still practically no study of neuroplasticity at the modern level, the very thing that allows us to learn, that allows us to recover from a stroke, in our country.

_____________________

1. Harry Vinters, MD, Lev Lurie, Ph.D., Philip A. Mackowiak, MD Vessels of Stone: Lenin's “Circulatory Disturbance of the Brain” Human Pathology (2013).

2. St. Hilaire CS, Ziegler SG, Markello TC, et al. NT5E mutations and arterial calcifications. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:432–442.