Brief biography of Alla Pugacheva and her success story

Origin

Emelyan Pugachev was born in the Cossack village of Zimoveyskaya Don Region (now Kotelnikovsky District of Volgograd Region). After Pugachev's uprising, the village was renamed Potemkinskaya

and moved 2 km, since 1917 it has been called
Pugachevskaya
. The same village is presumably the birthplace of Stepan Razin, the leader of the Peasant War of 1670-1671.

The surname Pugachev comes from the nickname of his grandfather - Mikhail Pugach

. Father - Ivan Mikhailovich Pugachev, died in 1762. Mother - Anna Mikhailovna, died around 1771. He had a brother, Dementy, and two sisters, Ulyana and Fedosya. As Pugachev himself pointed out during interrogation, his family belonged to the Orthodox faith, unlike the majority of the Don and Yaik Cossacks, who adhere to the Old Believers. The godfather of his son Timofey was Orthodox Alexey.

Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev

Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev (1740 or about 1742–1775)

The name of this Don Cossack is associated with the largest popular uprising in the history of the Russian state, known in the past as the “Pugachev rebellion”, later called the Peasant War under the leadership of E. I. Pugachev...

Emelyan Pugachev was born on the Don in the ancient village of Zimoveyskaya, in the family of a simple Cossack. He began active service at the age of 17. Participated in the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763 against the Kingdom of Prussia. He fought as part of the Don Cossack Regiment of I. F. Denisov. He took part in many battles, visited Toruń, Poznan, and Szermitz.

In 1762, Emelyan Pugachev returned from Prussia to his native village. Two years later, he was part of a Cossack team in Poland, which performed punitive functions against Russian schismatic Old Believers who fled there from persecution by Catherine’s government. That action left a strong imprint on the consciousness of the future great rebel.

He took part in the Russian-Turkish War of 1768–1774, where he fought for two years in the Don Cossack Regiment of Colonel Kuteynikov. For personal courage and ability to command people, he was promoted to the Cossack officer rank of cornet.

Soon Pugachev became seriously ill and was sent from the active army for treatment. However, once on the Don, he refused hospital treatment, deciding to stay at home. It is believed that this was the beginning of his evasion from service. At that time, the situation in the Cossack regions deteriorated sharply due to the government policy of introducing “regularity” with constant and burdensome Cossack service, and the gradual elimination of the ancient rights of the Cossacks as a military class. Added to this was the dominance of the Cossack elders.

In January 1772, Emelyan Pugachev found himself in the village of Ishcherskaya on the Terek, where many new Don Cossacks lived. They elected the cornet as their intercessor before the Military Collegium. But when Pugachev went to St. Petersburg, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Mozdok fortress. However, he managed to escape from custody to his native village of Zimoveyskaya, where he was arrested again, this time as a Cossack evading service.

...From the Don, the “seditious” flees to the Polish border, finding shelter among the schismatic Old Believers. There he appears to the commandant of the Dobryansk outpost, calls himself by his given name, but identifies himself as a native of Poland. On August 12, 1772, Pugachev received a passport, which gave him the right to free movement throughout Russia.

Soon he met with the famous Old Believer abbot Filaret. He approved Emelyan Pugachev’s plan to withdraw the Yaik Cossacks, half of them consisting of Old Believers, to the free Kuban, which was then under the auspices of the Ottoman Porte.

However, during his travels, Pugachev is arrested again. In January 1773, he finds himself in Kazan, where the court sentences him to exile to hard labor in Siberia. But he runs again and soon finds himself on the steppe farms of the Yaitsky Cossack army, in which only a year ago the Cossack uprising was suppressed and “the spirit of indignation was still in the air.”

To top it all off, vague rumors circulated around Yaik about Tsar Peter III, the husband of Catherine II, who had been killed shortly after the coup d’etat in Ropsha, who had “miraculously escaped” and appeared in neighboring Tsaritsyn. These rumors led the fugitive Don Coronet to use the royal name in his rebellious plans.

...Meeting his first like-minded people on the Yaik steppe farms, Pugachev “revealed” his royal name to them. This was a sure calculation that imposture would make it possible to use the naive monarchical illusions of the common people, who had been dreaming for centuries about “the coming of a good tsar to Moscow.”

On September 17, Emelyan Pugachev, aka “Peter III,” published a manifesto in which he granted the Cossacks, Tatars and Kalmyks who served in the Yaik army ancient Cossack liberties. This is how a new uprising began on Yaik, which soon grew into a real peasant war that shook the Russian Empire.

Initially, the Pugachev detachment consisted of 80 Cossacks, participants in the Yaitsky uprising of 1772. The rebels twice approached the Yaitsky town (Uralsk), but did not dare to storm it due to the lack of guns. From here Pugachev moved to Orenburg, the center of the province of the same name. A variety of people began to flock to his banner from all sides: Cossacks and fugitive soldiers, Kazakhs and Tatars, Kalmyks and working people of the Ural factories...

Along the way, small fortresses of the Orenburg fortified line with their small garrisons were taken. Some of them surrendered without a fight. This is well described in Pushkin’s “The Captain’s Daughter”. When Pugachev approached Orenburg in early October, his army already numbered about 2.5 thousand people with twenty cannons.

The rebels were unable to take the city, and they began to blockade it. From Berdskaya Sloboda, which became Pugachev's headquarters, the impostor began sending out petitions to the people, calling on ordinary people to join him, proclaiming freedom from serfdom.

In order to completely suppress the “rebellion,” Empress Catherine II sent a punitive detachment under the command of Major General V. A. Kara (about 3.5 thousand people with ten guns), but the rebel detachments led by A. A. Ovchinnikov and I. N. Zarubin (Chika) smashed it. Government troops suffered a number of defeats.

By the end of 1773, about 25 thousand people with 86 guns had already fought under the banner of Emelyan Pugachev. The core of his army was made up of Cossacks, primarily Yaik Cossacks. Stavropol Kalmyks took the side of the rebels. However, the bulk of the Pugachevites consisted of poorly armed, untrained military and unorganized peasant detachments.

In December 1773, Catherine II sent new punitive forces - the corps of Chief General A.I. Bibikov (about 6.5 thousand people with thirty guns). Acting decisively and offensively, he defeated the Pugachevites near Samara, Buzuluk and Kungur.

The general battle took place on March 22, 1774 near the Tatishchev Fortress, in which the main forces of Emelyan Pugachev’s army were defeated: he lost about two thousand people killed, about four thousand wounded and captured, and all his artillery.

Pugachev lifted the siege of Orenburg. Another government detachment of Lieutenant Colonel I. I. Mikhelson defeated the “second army” of Zarubin (Chiki) rebels. The Pugachevites retreated to the Sakmar town, near which a new battle took place. The defeat was complete, “Tsar Peter III” lost many of his closest, loyal assistants here, primarily from among the Cossacks.

...With a detachment of only 500 people, E.I. Pugachev leaves the banks of the Yaik for the mining areas of the Southern Urals. In the spring of 1774, his army, replenished with Bashkirs and factory workers, numbered five thousand people in its ranks. The Pugachevites capture the fortresses of Magnitnaya (now the city of Magnitogorsk), Karagayskaya, Petropavlovskaya, Stepnaya and Troitskaya, but soon suffer a new defeat.

The Pugachevites were supported by working people from 64 Ural mining plants. The rebel army received from them not only additional people (6,200 people), but also about 120 cannons, over 340 rifles, almost 170 thousand rubles in money, food and fodder.

However, some of the mining workers defended their factories with weapons in their hands from the Pugachevites. This previously unknown fact has now become part of Russian history.

The rebels soon increase their numbers to twenty thousand people and begin to move to the banks of the Volga; on July 12, Kazan was taken by a fierce assault, but the garrison took refuge in the local stone Kremlin. On July 15, a big battle took place near Kazan, in which the rebels were again defeated. On the Arsk field, the corps of government troops of I. I. Mikhelson celebrated complete victory. His enemy lost about two thousand people killed and five thousand captured.

...Fleeing from persecution, Emelyan Pugachev with a small detachment near Kokshaisk crosses to the right bank of the Volga. The last surge of the Peasant War began on the Volga Right Bank. The Tatars, Chuvashs, and Mordovians joined the rebel army. Pugachev, having left the areas of greatest scope of the uprising, went to the Don in the hope of raising the local Cossacks. After this he intended to march on Moscow.

Empress Catherine the Great sent new military forces to suppress - up to twenty infantry and cavalry regiments, Cossack units and noble militia corps under the overall command of the experienced general-in-chief P. I. Panin. The war with Turkey ended with the signing of peace, and significant army forces were released near St. Petersburg. The rebel forces, unorganized and poorly armed, began to suffer defeats everywhere.

Emelyan Pugachev never managed to get to the Don. The last major battle of the Peasant War took place 75 kilometers south of Tsaritsyn. Having lost all their artillery due to the betrayal of the Yaik Cossack elders at the beginning of the clash, the rebels suffered a crushing defeat at Black Yar from the troops of I. I. Mikhelson.

Emelyan Pugachev himself managed to escape to the left bank of the Volga with a detachment of only 164 Cossacks. In the Volga region he was captured by Cossack elders and handed over to government authorities.

On December 19, 1774, Empress Catherine II issued a Manifesto “On the Crimes of the Cossack Pugachev” in which she ordered “... to make, by virtue of state laws, a definition and a decisive statement on all the crimes they committed against the empire, for the safety of the personal human race and property...”

Pugachev was taken to Moscow, where on January 10, 1775 he was executed on Bolotnaya Square. Thousands of participants in the uprising were executed, flogged, or exiled to Siberia.

Catherine II ordered the punishment of the rebellious Yaitsky Cossack army, which was renamed the Ural Army. The Yaik River became the Urals. Stanitsa Zimoveyskaya - Potemkinskaya. The majority of the Volga Cossacks were resettled to the Terek...

Early years

Cossack service

Pugachev was in the service from the age of 18, at the age of 19 he married Sofya Dmitrievna Nedyuzheva, a Cossack woman from the village of Esaulovskaya. He took part in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763, with his regiment he was in the division of Count Chernyshev. The marching ataman of the Don regiments, Colonel Ilya Denisov, took Pugachev as his orderly. Once, during a night alarm, he lost one of the horses that belonged to Denisov, for which he was punished with a whip. With the death of Peter III, the troops were returned to Russia. From 1763 to 1767, Pugachev served in his village, where his son Trofim was born in 1764 and daughter Agrafena in 1768. During the break between the births of children, Pugachev was sent to Poland with the team of Captain Elisey Yakovlev to search for and return to Russia the escaped Old Believers.

With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish War in 1769, Pugachev, in the command of Colonel Kuteynikov, with the rank of cornet of the 2nd hundred, headed to Bendery. During the capture of Bendery on September 16 (27), 1770, under the command of Count Panin, the cornet Pugachev also distinguished himself. After the withdrawal of troops to winter quarters in Elisavetgrad in 1771, Pugachev fell ill (“...and his chest and legs rotted”). Colonel Kuteynikov sent him to the Don as part of a team of one hundred Cossacks to replace horses. Due to illness, Pugachev could not return back, so he hired a replacement - “Glazunovskaya village (on the Medveditsa River) Cossack Biryukov, to whom he gave 2 horses with saddles, a saber, a cloak, a blue zipun, all kinds of grub and 12 rubles of money.” He himself went to the military capital of Cherkassk to ask for his resignation.

Escape from the Don

Pugachev was refused resignation, offering to be treated in the infirmary or on his own; he preferred to be treated on his own. During the treatment, he applied lamb lung to his legs for three days and felt better. After refusing to resign, he went to see his sister Feodosia and his son-in-law Simon Pavlov in Taganrog, where the latter served. In a conversation with his son-in-law, Pugachev learned that he and several comrades wanted to escape from service, and volunteered to help him. After his capture, Pavlov spoke about the circumstances of the escape, as a result of which Pugachev was forced to hide, was detained several times and fled, trying to settle among the Cossacks on the Terek, where he reached in December 1771. Ataman of the Terek Line, he was enlisted in the Cossacks of the village of Kargalinskaya, then Dubovskaya, and even later - Ishcherskaya. In the statement about him it was written: “Emelyan Pugachev does not have a written form. Don army. He wants to be a Cossack in the family army.”

The Volga and Don Cossacks, forcibly resettled by the government to strengthen the newly created Terek Line, were extremely dissatisfied with the relocation and the conditions of the new duty stations. In February 1772, the Cossacks of the villages of Ishcherskaya, Galyugaevskaya and Naurskaya decided to send a delegation with a complaint to the Military Collegium, with which Emelyan Pugachev actively volunteered to go. It was decided “that he should take upon himself the petition for them to ask the State Military Collegium for the production of cash salaries and provisions against the Terek family army of Cossacks.” Having received 25 rubles from the Cossacks for the journey, on February 8, 1772, Pugachev went to take care of their needs, for which he purchased the necessary “grub” in Mozdok, but was detained when leaving the city. During the trial, Pugachev admitted that he had fled the Don, but then on February 13 he managed to escape from custody by persuading the guard soldier Venedikt Laptev.

On the Don, Pugachev was again detained and escorted to Cherkassk. When escorting through the Tsimlyanskaya village, Pugachev’s colleague during the Prussian campaign, Khudyakov, at Pugachev’s request, took him on bail, undertaking to deliver the arrested man to Cherkassk, accompanied by his son. Knowing that his son would not receive punishment due to his youth, Khudyakov instructed his son to release Pugachev, and he disappeared again.

Among the schismatics

Following the routes of schismatics who fled persecution to Poland, Pugachev visited the villages of schismatic Old Believers on the Kovsuga (Koisukha) River, then in the settlement of Kabanya (now: the town of Krasnorechenskoye, Lugansk region), where he met the schismatic Osip Korovka (Korovkin), who suggested Pugachev a way return to legal life. To do this, it was necessary to get into Poland, and then, taking advantage of the Senate decrees of 1762 on allowing schismatic Old Believers who left Poland to settle at their request in the Orenburg province, in Siberia and other places, to declare a direction to the place of settlement. Having done so, on August 12, 1772, at the Debryansky outpost, Pugachev received a passport and a direction to settle in the Mechetnaya Sloboda on the Irgiz.

Autograph of the illiterate Pugachev

Meeting with the Yaitsky Cossacks. The beginning of impostor

Arriving at the place in November 1772, here he first settled in the Old Believer monastery of the Presentation of the Virgin Mary, with Abbot Philaret, from whom he heard about the unrest that had occurred in the Yaitsky army. A few days later, at the end of November - beginning of December, Pugachev went on a trip to buy fish in the Yaitsky town, where he met with one of the participants in the 1772 uprising, Denis Pyanov. In a conversation with him, Pugachev discussed the possibility of organizing the escape of the hiding participants of the uprising to the Kuban and for the first time called himself the survivor of Peter III, perhaps unexpectedly for himself. During the conversation, Pyanov mentioned Peter III of Tsaritsyn, in response, Pugachev stated: “I am not a merchant, but Emperor Peter Fedorovich, I was also in Tsaritsyn, and God and good people saved me, but instead of me they spotted a guard soldier , and one officer kept me in St. Petersburg.” Upon returning to Mechetnaya Sloboda, following a denunciation from the peasant Filippov Pugachev, who was with him on the trip, he was arrested and sent for investigation, first to Simbirsk, then in January 1773 to Kazan. At the end of the investigation, Pugachev was ordered to be “punished with whips” and sent to hard labor in Siberia, “where he would be used for government work, giving him three kopecks a day for food.” However, in May 1773, due to the restructuring of prisons, prisoners were transferred to the prison yard, where they were periodically released from prison under supervision to beg. At this time, Pugachev conspired to escape with the merchant Parfyon Druzhinin, who was serving a prison term together, and the guard soldier Grigory Mishchenkov. The conspirators got the second guard soldier heavily drunk and then escaped. Having parted with them after a successful escape on May 29, at the beginning of August 1773, Pugachev reached the lands of the Yaitsky army in Talovy Umet, 60 versts from the Yaitsky town, to the inn of the retired soldier Stepan Obolyaev, nicknamed Eremina Chicken. Pugachev was on good terms with him, stopping twice during his first trip to Yaitsky town in November - December 1772.

Preparations for the uprising

Having announced his escape from prison and again calling himself “Emperor Pyotr Fedorovich,” he asked Obolyaev to organize a meeting for him with any of the instigators of the previous uprising; for several days he met with the Cossacks G. Zakladnov, D. Karavaev and S. Kunishnikov, announced to them that he was “Peter III”, discussed with them the possibility of a new performance. Then Pugachev, together with Obolyaev, went to Mechetnaya Sloboda to find a literate person to draw up “royal decrees.” In Mechetnaya Sloboda he was identified, Obolyaev was captured, and Pugachev managed to escape and get to Talovy Umet, where the Yaik Cossacks D. Karavaev, M. Shigaev, I. Zarubin-Chika and T. Myasnikov were waiting for him. Having told them again the story of his “miraculous salvation” during the conspiracy of his “wife”, discussing the possibility of speaking and his immediate plans, on August 31 Pugachev moved from possible searches to the farm of the Cossack Kozhevnikov (near the modern village of Maly Chagan), while his accomplices headed to Yaitsky town.

On the Kozhevnikov farm, and then on Usikha, in an even more remote shelter, the discussion of plans for the performance continued; the Cossacks who arrived from the Yaitsky town brought 12 old military banners, which had been secretly kept since the uprising of 1772, in addition, materials were purchased for the manufacture of new banners ( silk, cords, etc.). A competent Cossack was also found to draw up decrees; at the insistence of his father, Yakov Pochitalin, a participant in the 1772 uprising, Ivan Pochitalin came to Pugachev. Here on the farm, Pugachev, after urgent questioning, admitted to Zarubin, Shigaev and Karavaev that he was not a king, but a Don Cossack, to which Zarubin answered for everyone: “... I don’t need that: I want you to be a Don Cossack, but We have already recognized you as a sovereign, so be it.” At this time, the commandant of the government garrison in the Yaitsky town, Lieutenant Colonel I. D. Simonov, having learned about the appearance in the army of a man posing as “Peter III,” sent two teams to capture the impostor. On September 8, Pugachev and his supporters moved to the Tolkachev farm. On September 13, 1773, during the next visit from E.I. Pugachev to the Yaitsky town to agitate the Cossacks, T. Myasnikov already half-openly talks about the “sovereign” lurking in the army and inadvertently mentions the place of his hiding place. On September 15, a denunciation followed to the commandant's office, Karavaev was arrested, and on the same day, commandant I. D. Simonov sent search teams of foreman M. M. Borodin to the steppe. On September 16, they managed to warn Pugachev. By this time, the core of the conspirators included, together with E.I. Pugachev, I.N. Chika-Zarubin, V.S. Konovalov, I.Ya. Pochitalin, S.A. and S.V. Kozhevnikovs, V.Ya. Plotnikov, A. T. and K. T. Kochurov, Iderkei Baimekov, T. G. Myasnikov, M. A. Kozhevnikov, D. S. Lysov, K. I. Fofanov, Baranga Mustaev, V. A. Kshinin, Syuzuk Malaev, Urazgildy Amanov, F.A. Chibikeev, Baltai Iderkeev, M.V. Chernukhin, P.P. Tolkachev, M.G. Shigaev, Ya.F. Pochitalin were waiting for them in the Yaitsky town.

The ground was ready for the uprising: the discontent of the Cossacks, who were being deprived of their freedom, the unrest of the peasants who were expecting liberation after the confiscation of the peasants from the monasteries, a movement among the mining peasants. Not many Cossacks believed that Pugachev was Peter III, but everyone followed him. Concealing his illiteracy, he did not sign his manifestos; however, his “autograph” has been preserved on a separate sheet, imitating the text of a written document, about which he told his literate associates that it was written “in Latin.”

Uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev

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Emelyan Pugachev is a hereditary Cossack, the leader of one of the largest peasant wars - an adventurer, a pathological liar, who had incredible charisma and charm. Some considered him an impostor and murderer, others considered him a protector of the people, recognizing him as the legitimate emperor among thousands of impostors.

Emelyan Pugachev

The future leader of the Cossack army was born in the village of Zimoveyskaya, Don Region. An interesting fact is that another leader of the widespread Cossack movement was born here - Stepan Timofeevich Razin . The year of Pugachev’s birth is not known for certain. Historians, comparing certain events, dates and multiple testimonies of the hero of the article, come to the conclusion that it was 1742.

At the age of 17, Pugachev went to serve as a Cossack and soon went to Prussia. He was a participant in the Seven Years' War. Was not wounded. During the Russian-Turkish war he fell ill. After that, he was able to find a replacement and received a passport to travel from Ataman Fomin. Having left for Cherkassk, he wanted to resign, but his request was denied. Having independently improved his health with lamb lung compresses, Emelyan decides to visit his sister Fedosya, who lives in Taganrog.

Ivan the Terrible's campaign to Kazan

After a conversation with their son-in-law, Simon, about the hardships of serving in Taganrog, they decide to flee from service to the Terek family army. Upon arrival in his native land, the village of Zimoveyskaya, Pugachev agrees to transport Simon across the Don, but not finding a road to the Terek, his son-in-law returns. In the office, Simon declared Pugachev’s complicity in the escape, as a result of which Emelyan chose to flee.

In 1772, Pugachev reached the Urals through Poland. During this time, he could not imagine himself as anyone. He was both an Old Believer and a schismatic. During these wanderings, he was arrested more than once, but each time the rebellious Cossack managed to escape.

Emelyan arrived on Yaik as a rich merchant who was going to lead the Cossacks suffering from the serfdom system to Kuban. He had no money, but his remarkable imagination and acting talent played a role. In those days, a situation arose in Russia when even the freest Cossack classes were deprived of their rights and freedoms. Shortly before this, the Yaitsky uprising of the Cossacks, dissatisfied with the government’s policy of eliminating liberties, took place. Emelyan Pugachev was sensitive to these discontents.

After another arrest on charges of schismatics, Pugachev managed to escape. Soon Emelyan Ivanovich declares himself a miracle, having escaped from his treacherous wife by Peter III. At that time, Peter III was popular among the people - he did not rule for long, there were rumors caused by the manifesto “On the Liberty of the Nobility” that Peter Fedorovich wanted to free the peasants from the landowners. However, Cossack simplicity and lack of literacy led the Yaik Cossacks to think of deception. Subsequently, the Yaik Cossacks took key positions in the leadership of Pugachev’s army.

The uprising led by Pugachev began on September 17, 1773. Military luck favored a small army, and he managed to take several fortresses on the Yaik River. Pugachev's army grew and already on October 5 it approached Orenburg. With the onset of cold weather in the Berdskaya settlement, Emelyan Ivanovich organized his headquarters.

In the house of one of the Cossacks, the “Golden Chamber” was organized, a royal palace with walls covered with gold foil. A Military Collegium was created, where key posts were occupied by representatives of the Yaik Cossacks, and a Secret Duma. From here the manifestos of Emelyan Pugachev were sent, the general meaning of which was calls for joining the army of Peter III and liberation from serfdom.

The story of the feat of Ivan Susanin

In order not to lose Orenburg, Empress Catherine II sent a 1,500-strong army led by General Kar to the besieged city. However, the gallant general was unable to complete the task assigned to him and was defeated by Ovchinnikov, an associate of Pugachev. Despite such significant success against government troops, Pugachev failed to take Orenburg.

With the arrival of General Bibikov, the commander of government forces, Pugachev’s troops began to suffer defeat after defeat. Thus, the Tatishchev fortress was recaptured from the Pugachevites, as a result of which the siege of Orenburg was lifted.

Siege of Orenburg by Pugachev

After Pugachev captured a number of fortresses, he failed at the Trinity Fortress and left to conquer Chelyabinsk. In the summer of 1774, the “Pugachevites” went to the Kama River, where Emelyan Ivanovich was planning a campaign against Moscow. In July 1774, the rebels were able to break into the city, but the Kremlin was never taken, but the prisoners were released from prison, among whom Emelyan Ivanovich met his first wife, Sophia.

By evening, tsarist troops led by Michnelson approached Kazan. Unable to repel them, Pugachev changed his plans for a campaign against Moscow and moved to the right bank of the Volga, where most of the Bashkirs left his army with their leader Salavat Yulaev, who decided to return to Ufa.

However, until the end of the summer of 1774, Pugachev’s army confidently continued moving south, simultaneously capturing Saratov, Saransk and Penza. At the same time, issuing manifestos on the abolition of serfdom and the payment of taxes. Michnelson caught up with Pugachev near Tsaritsyn and in the battle of Cherny Yar inflicted a crushing defeat on the troops of the rebellious ataman. With the remnants of his troops, Pugachev fled.

On September 8, 1774, near the Bolshoi Uzen River, Emelyan Ivanovich will be taken into custody as a result of a conspiracy by his own comrades in exchange for pardon from the government. On the way to the Yaitsky town, the prisoner made several attempts to escape, which ended in failure. A few days later he was handed over to the authorities. From the town of Yaitsky, Emelyan Ivanovich was escorted to Simbirsk. On November 4, 1774, the former leader of the Cossacks, Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev, was taken to Moscow, where he was placed in the knowledge basement of the Mint. As a result of the investigation of the riots, the Senate issued a judicial verdict, sanctioned by Empress Catherine II. Emelyan Pugachev was executed by quartering on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow. Along with their leader, the verdict was shared by many of his followers.

Leader of the Peasant War

Vasily Perov, “The Court of Pugachev” (variant), 1875. State Historical Museum (Moscow)

By the evening of September 16, 1773, about 40 Yaik Cossacks, serving Kalmyks and Tatars gathered at the Tolkachev farm near the Budarinsky outpost. The decree written by Pochitalin to the Yaitsky army was read out, causing general approval. Pugachev did not sign the decree, explaining that he could not sign papers before arriving in St. Petersburg. Having asked those gathered to gather supporters in the nearest outposts and farms, Pugachev decided to march to the Yaitsky town the next day.

On September 17, a detachment of 60 people with unfurled banners set out on a campaign, gathering people at passing outposts and farmsteads; when approaching the Yaitsky town on September 18, the detachment numbered about 200 people. Soon, the detachments of D. Lysov, a little later of A. Ovchinnikov, moved to Pugachev through Chagan, in addition, the rebels surrounded and persuaded to surrender a team of 200 Cossacks of military foreman A. Vitoshnov, sent on a sortie. Nevertheless, the forces were not enough to storm the town, and after a second attack on September 19, Pugachev and his army headed up the Yaik. On the same day, 11 Cossacks from Vitoshnov’s detachment were executed, who refused to recognize Pugachev as sovereign.

A circle was assembled at the Rubezhny outpost, at which Andrei Ovchinnikov was chosen as a military marching ataman, Dmitry Lysov as a colonel, Andrei Vitoshnov received the rank of captain, Timofey Myasnikov headed Pugachev’s personal guards hundred. As Pugachev himself admitted during interrogations, he had little control over his army from that moment on, since he did not know either the terrain or the people. The Cossacks themselves negotiated at outposts, villages and farmsteads, persuading their comrades to join.

Having sent Ovchinnikov to the Iletsk town on September 20, the next day Pugachev entered it freely, accepting the Iletsk Cossack regiment led by Ivan Tvorogov into the army. The capture of the fortresses of the Yaitskaya Line - Rassypnaya, Nizhneozernaya, Tatishcheva, Chernorechenskaya - followed a similar scenario, the Cossacks went over to Pugachev, the officers fought to the last, and the survivors faced the gallows. After the capture of Tatishcheva, Pugachev took a liking to the daughter of commandant Elagin, Tatyana Kharlova, the widow of the commandant of the Nizhneozernaya fortress, Z.I. Kharlov, who was hanged the day before. He ordered her to be taken to his carriage, and their young brother was left with her.

The Cossacks, who zealously followed Pugachev’s personal sympathies, did not allow anyone to appear with him to influence decision-making. On November 3, taking advantage of Pugachev’s absence, they shot Kharlova and her brother Nikolai. Later, they also arbitrarily dealt with several captured officers, pardoned by Pugachev and left to serve him personally.

Battle map of the Peasants' War

After the capture of the Chernorechensk fortress, Pugachev was solemnly greeted in the Tatar Seitova Sloboda and the Sakmarsky town, in which the seconded Yaik Cossacks served. In Seitova Sloboda, a decree was drawn up for the Mishars and Bashkirs with a call to join the army of the “sovereign”; in return they were promised ownership of forests and rivers, gunpowder and salt. Bashkirs, Tatars, and Kalmyks began to actively join the uprising. On October 5, 1773, Pugachev approached Orenburg, part of the Orenburg Cossacks - residents of Berdskaya Sloboda and Forshtadt (a Cossack suburb of Orenburg) also joined the rebel army. A siege began, which ultimately lasted until mid-March 1774. Having hastily strengthened the ramparts of the fortress, expanding and deepening the ditch, Governor Reinsdorp and his officers, after several forays successfully repulsed by the Pugachevites, decided to hold the siege. One of the main reasons was the fear of the Cossacks and soldiers going over to the rebels.

A memorable place where Emelyan Pugachev’s headquarters was located in 1773. Orenburg, Berdy microdistrict, Berdinskaya street (in Soviet years, Vosstaniya street), 30.

After the onset of cold weather, the rebel army moved the camp to Berdskaya Sloboda, several miles from Orenburg. In the six-window house of the Cossack Sitnikov, a royal palace was equipped - the “Golden Chamber”, the walls inside of which were covered with gold foil; it is he who is depicted in Perov’s “Pugachev’s Court”. Throughout the siege of Orenburg in the Berd camp, Pugachev actively took part in military training and combat operations. The Yaik Cossacks admitted later that he “... knew better than anyone how to keep the artillery in order,” “... he mostly aimed the cannons and other guns himself,” “... he knew how to fire cannons and other guns, and always pointed himself gunners" (from the interrogation protocols of I. Pochitalin, T. Podurov, M. Shigaev), significant military experience was reflected.

“Pugachev gun” on a homemade carriage (34 mm caliber, bronze, weight 51 kg)

At the end of January 1774, Pugachev arrived to personally lead the assault on the city fortress of Yaitsky town, where the government garrison was locked with the Cossacks who remained loyal to the government. By this time, Ataman Tolkachev, having gathered people and weapons on the lower Yaik, occupied the Yaitsky town, and was later joined by Ovchinnikov, who had previously captured Guryev. The Cossacks, wanting to tie the “king” more tightly to the army, persuaded him to choose a wife from among the Yaik girls. Pugachev, after several denials, agreed. They sent matchmakers - the favorite of Ivan Pochitalin and Ataman Mikhail Tolkachev with his wife, to Pugachev's 17-year-old Ustinya Kuznetsova, the daughter of a retired Cossack Pyotr Kuznetsov, a participant in the 1772 uprising. On February 1, the royal wedding took place in the Peter and Paul Church of the Yaitsky town, after which Ustinya was consecrated to the rank of “empress”. The young people were settled in the house of the former chieftain A.N. Borodin. The priests who conducted the solemn church wedding service after the suppression of the uprising were removed from their posts and defrocked for this. At the same time, the captive Timofey Myasnikov said during interrogation that not everyone in the rebel army liked this marriage: “ Then all the old people thought about it, and the whole army was dissatisfied with the fact that he did this. And then this marriage of his led some to doubt that sovereigns never marry common people, but always take a tsar’s or royal daughter from other states as their wife. So, following this example, he should have taken the same one after taking over the state.”

Having learned about the sortie of the Orenburg garrison carried out during his absence, which was successfully repulsed by the main army of the rebels under the command of Shigaev, Podurov and Khlopushi, Pugachev briefly returned to the Berdskaya Sloboda, instructing during this time to prepare a tunnel under the Archangel Michael Cathedral, where the besieged government garrison stored gunpowder.

In mid-February, he returned to the Yaitsky town again, a large military circle was held, at which the military ataman, Nikita Kargin, and the foremen, Perfilyev and Fofanov, were elected. On February 19, a mine planted using a tunnel was exploded. The explosion completely destroyed the bell tower of St. Michael's Cathedral, but having been warned in advance about the undermining, the defenders of the fortress managed to remove the gunpowder stock and, despite the death of 42 people and the injury of Commandant Simonov, the defenders of the retranchement under the command of Captain Andrei Prokhorovich Krylov (father of the future fabulist) managed to repel the attack of the rebels.

In March, having arrived in Berdy after another unsuccessful attack by the St. Michael the Archangel Cathedral in the Yaitsky town, Pugachev listened to the complaints of the peasants of the surrounding villages about Ataman D. Lysov, who was robbing them with his Cossacks. Having begun to reproach him, Pugachev threatened with execution. In response, Lysov poked Pugachev in the side with a pike and would have killed him if not for the chain mail that was under his outer clothing. Pochitalin arrived in time and saved Pugachev from further blows. Despite Shigaev’s intercession on behalf of his old friend, who was on his knees begging for mercy, Dmitry Lysov was hanged in Berdskaya Sloboda.

With A. Bibikov coming to command of the government forces, the Pugachevites began to suffer defeats, giving up taken fortresses on the border lines one by one. Advancing towards besieged Orenburg in two columns, government troops under the command of generals Mansurov and Golitsyn forced Pugachev to lift the siege from the regional capital. On March 22, a battle took place at the Tatishcheva fortress, which was hastily restored by the rebels. Despite the ferocity of the battle, it soon became clear that the government side was gaining the upper hand. Pugachev with a hundred personal guards under the command of Timofey Myasnikov left the fortress, which was defended by the marching ataman of the Yaik Cossacks, Andrei Ovchinnikov, covering Pugachev’s retreat.

Returning to the Berdino camp, Pugachev and the Cossack colonels decided to make their way to the Yaitsky town. Fearing a new battle, the Pugachevites rushed about in search of roads uncovered by government troops, but, encountering enemy patrols near the Perevolotsk fortress, they turned east. As a result, on April 1, we had to fight another battle with the main forces of General Golitsyn near the town of Sakmara, suffering another crushing defeat.

With a handful of Cossacks from his personal hundred and Bashkirs, Pugachev retreated to the village of Tashla, then beyond the bend of the Belaya River, arriving first at the Voskresensky plant, and then at the Beloretsky plant, where he stayed until May 1, 1774. The reason why he received a respite for a whole month was the death of Commander Bibikov, which caused intrigue among the generals - General Golitsyn was dissatisfied with the appointment of General Shcherbatov to this post. As a result, the rebel detachments, defeated and scattered across the steppe, gradually gathered in the upper Urals; on May 5-6, the rebels stormed the Magnetic Fortress; during the assault, Pugachev was wounded in his right hand.

After a successful assault, large detachments of Yaik Cossacks under the command of Ovchinnikov, as well as Ural peasants and mining workers under the command of Beloborodov and Maksimov, arrived in Magnitnaya.

After the capture of the Magnetic Fortress, Pugachev led his army, gradually replenishing it with factory peasants, to the northeast, taking the Karagai, Peter and Paul and Stepnaya fortresses; on May 20, the assault on the Trinity Fortress was successfully completed. But the next morning, Pugachev’s sleeping camp was attacked by government troops of General I. A. Delong, as a result, most of the rebels were defeated, captured or scattered, and Pugachev again had to flee with only a limited number of Cossacks to the northwest away from Chelyabinsk. The situation improved when the main forces of the rebel Bashkirs under the command of Salavat Yulaev joined the Cossacks, as a result of which in the battles of June 3 and 5, I. I. Mikhelson, who overtook Pugachev, failed to achieve noticeable success.

On June 10, Pugachev entered Krasnoufimsk, then tried to take Kungur, but having met fierce resistance, he turned west, where after a three-day battle he took the town of Osa.

After the capture of Osa, Pugachev’s army moved to the right bank of the Kama, taking the Rozhdestvensky plant on June 22, the Votkinsk plant on June 24, and the Izhevsk plant on June 27.

“Pugachev holds court in Kazan”, postcard from 1931, published by the Museum of the Revolution of the USSR.

Having taken the suburbs and the main part of Kazan, on July 12, Pugachev freed 415 people from the prison cells of the Kazan Secret Commission - captured rebels, members of their families, among them he found his family - his first wife Sophia with three children, Trofim, Agrafena and Christina. The family of E.I. Pugachev was taken to Kazan on March 17, 1774, where they were under the supervision of a secret commission and kept in the commission’s prison premises. Until their capture at Black Yar, Pugachev’s family remained with the army, lived in a separate tent, and when asked by his comrades, Pugachev said that “ this is my friend Emelyan Ivanovich, a Don Cossack, his wife, he was whipped in my name

" Among those released was Abbot Filaret, who was kept under suspicion that it was he who gave Pugachev the idea to take the name of Peter III.

After the final defeat on July 15 near Kazan, the rebel army crossed to the right bank of the Volga. Most of the Bashkirs refused to follow Pugachev further and, led by Salavat Yulaev, returned to the Ufa region, where the fighting lasted until November 1774.

Despite the fact that no more than 2,000 Cossacks remained with Pugachev on a permanent basis, the cities and villages of the Middle Volga region gave him a mostly ceremonial reception. On July 23, the residents of Alatyr “met... almost everyone outside the city with bread and salt, and the priests with crosses.” Pugachev ordered the release of “the convicts held in prison, the release of government wine, and the salt for everyone without money.”

On August 24 (September 5), 1774, I. I. Mikhelson defeated the rebels at Black Yar.

KONSPEKTY.NET

Alla Pugacheva is a Russian pop diva, Soviet and Russian singer, composer, Laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation in 1995. The famous singer's repertoire consists of more than five hundred songs, as well as many lyrics for songs by other performers that belong to her work.

Alla Borisovna Pugacheva was born on April 15, 1949 in Moscow. In a family of front-line parents, Alla was the second child - the first-born Gennady, unfortunately, did not survive, he was a very sick child.

Alla Borisovna began her creative activity at the age of five, when she first appeared on the stage of the House of Unions with a small number. Literally two years after this, in 1956, the parents sent young Alla to a music school, which was adjacent to the music school named after. M. Ippolitova-Ivanova. In the same year, young Alla entered secondary school in Moscow number 496. She studied well, and she only had fours and fives in her certificate. But young Alla was not smart for long. The fact is that Alla Borisovna Pugacheva grew up in the environment of courtyard life, which had some imprint on both her hobbies and her behavior. Already at the age of fourteen, Alla started smoking, and her behavior left much to be desired. Having completed eight grades and a music school, Alla later entered the school’s conducting and choral department, although she was predicted to have a career as a pianist.

Since 1965, the young artist’s vigorous creative activity began. Initially, she toured with the troupe at the school, and then as part of the Yunost group, which also toured many cities. For a short period of her creative career, Alla worked as a teacher, after which she entered the State Variety and Circus School, and then married Edmun Orbakas, with whom she gave birth to her first child - daughter Kristina Edmundovna Orbakaise (later Orbakaite).

In 1975, Alla Pugacheva began her creative collaboration with the VIA “Veselye Rebyaty” pop ensemble. Alla started with backing vocals, but soon the band's producer gave her the opportunity to appear in all her glory and present her vocal abilities.

Since 1977, Alla Pugacheva’s solo career began, as well as filming in films, participation in performances, solo concerts, new songs and simply vocal extravaganzas, for which Alla quickly became a favorite of the public and won audience recognition. Alla Pugacheva also managed to try herself as a TV presenter, with which, in principle, she will soon connect her career activities. In 1994, a sensational marriage was concluded with Philip Kirkorov. At this time, Alla suspended her concert activities, but soon after her divorce from the singer she quickly regained her position, took part in the “Star Factory”, hosted many programs, toured and produced. Soon she met her current husband, Maxim Galkin, with whom she is still married. The couple had two children, Alla Pugacheva launched Radio Alla, also participated in the political sphere, supported many concerts and young performers, and up to this point, Alla Pugacheva’s contribution to the development of Russian show business cannot but be appreciated.

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Captivity, investigation and execution

Emelyan Pugachev is in prison. Portrait attached to the publication of “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion” by A. S. Pushkin, 1834

After the defeat in the battle at Solenikova gang, E. I. Pugachev with the remnants of his army fled along the Volga to the southeast and by the evening of August 25 crossed from the right bank of the Volga 20 miles above Black Yar, first to one of the Volga islands, and from it - to the left bank of the Volga. Having crossed, E.I. Pugachev led the detachment east, crossed the Akhtuba, on the left bank of which a meeting was held on further actions. Pugachev proposed going down the Volga to the Caspian Sea, and from there making his way along secret roads to Ukraine, to the Zaporozhye Cossacks, or to Turkey, like the Nekrasovites, or to go to Bashkiria or Siberia.

He did not know about the conspiracy of Cossack colonels that had already developed in his detachment by this time, who decided to receive a pardon from the government in exchange for Pugachev. The discussion of the conspiracy began in mid-August, and I. A. Tvorogov, F. F. Chumakov, I. P. Fedulev and another fifteen Yaik Cossacks took part in it. They flatly refused any proposals from Pugachev and, in turn, suggested moving towards Uzeni. The detachment moved to Uzeny in a roundabout way: first upstream of the Akhtuba, then along the left bank of the Volga to Nikolaevskaya Sloboda opposite Kamyshin, from there to the southeast to Lake Elton, and from Elton to the northeast to Uzeny. On September 8 we stopped at Bolshoy Uzen. Here the conspirators rushed to tie up Pugachev while the rest of the Cossacks of the detachment were at a distance.

On the way to the Yaitsky town, Pugachev twice attempted to escape, but was unsuccessful. When approaching the Yaitsky town, Tvorogov and Chumakov went forward to discuss the terms of surrender; the search party they met, captain Kharchev, delivered Pugachev to the Yaitsky town on September 15. His first interrogation was conducted that same day, and another one the next day. Investigator Mavrin found out in detail the details of Pugachev’s biography, details of the course of the uprising and plans for its final part. During the interrogation, Mavrin noted in a report to the head of the secret commissions, Major General P. S. Potemkin, that Pugachev behaved with great dignity and courage. Later, Lieutenant General A.V. Suvorov, who arrived in the Yaitsky town, personally interrogated the impostor on September 17, and on September 18 he formed and led a detachment to escort Pugachev to Simbirsk. For transportation, a tight cage was made and installed on a two-wheeled cart, in which Pugachev could not straighten up or even straighten his body.

Pushkin describes the meeting between Suvorov and Pugachev: “Suvorov curiously asked the glorious rebel about his military actions and intentions...” Pugachev’s military art was interesting to Suvorov. But he got the role of escort. Suvorov takes Pugachev to Simbirsk, where Count Panin was supposed to arrive.

“Pugachev was sitting in a wooden cage on a two-wheeled cart. A strong detachment, with two cannons, surrounded him. Suvorov never left his side. In the village of Mostakh (one hundred and forty versts from Samara) there was a fire near the hut where Pugachev spent the night. He was taken out of the cage, tied to a cart along with his son, a playful and brave boy, and Suvorov himself watched over them all night.”

Pugachev under escort. 18th century engraving

In Simbirsk, Pugachev was interrogated during October 2-6 by the commander of the punitive forces, Chief General Count P. I. Panin, and the head of the secret commissions, Major General P. S. Potemkin. Here, for the first time, torture was used on Pugachev, as a result of which he incriminated himself and the schismatics he knew of having long-standing plans for an uprising. Later, during an investigation in Moscow, these slander was refuted. At the same time, even under torture, Pugachev did not admit that foreign states or any of the noble conspirators could have been involved in the uprising.

On October 26, Pugachev was sent from Simbirsk to Moscow, the convoy was accompanied by an infantry company with several guns. On the morning of November 4, the convoy team delivered Pugachev to Moscow, where he was placed in the basement of the Mint building at the Resurrection Gate of China Town. Together with Pugachev, all surviving captured participants in the uprising and all persons mentioned by Pugachev during previous interrogations were brought to Moscow for a general investigation. The investigation was conducted by a special investigative commission of the Secret Expedition of the Senate, the main members of which were the Moscow Governor General-in-Chief Prince M.N. Volkonsky, Chief Secretary of the Secret Expedition S.I. Sheshkovsky and Major General P.S. Potemkin. Empress Catherine II took a keen interest in the progress of the investigation, indicating the directions in which interrogations should be conducted. She was concerned about reports of the deteriorating health of the main defendants, conveying a message to the investigators: “It would be very unpleasant for Her Majesty if one of the important criminals, and especially the villain Pugachev, died from exhaustion and thereby avoided the punishment deserved for his evil deeds, especially that P.S. Potemkin, upon arrival in Moscow, found him much weaker than he was when he was sent from Simbirsk

».

“The execution of Emelka Pugachev in Moscow.” Lithograph (1865)

At the end of the investigation, the manifesto of Catherine II of December 19, 1774 determined the composition of the court. 14 senators, 11 “persons of the first three classes,” 4 members of the Synod and 6 presidents of the boards were appointed judges. Prosecutor General Vyazemsky was appointed to oversee the process. The first court hearing took place on December 30 in the Throne Hall of the Kremlin Palace. The results of the investigation were announced and considered. On the morning of December 31, Pugachev was brought to court. On his knees, he answered prepared questions about admitting his crimes, after which the court made a decision: “Emelka Pugachev should be quartered, his head stuck on a stake, body parts carried to four parts of the city and placed on wheels, and then burned in those places.” Along with Pugachev, Afanasy Perfilyev was also sentenced to quartering. Three more people - M. Shigaev, T. Podurov and V. Tornov were sentenced to hanging, and I. Zarubin - to beheading, and Chika-Zarubin was to be executed in Ufa, the siege of which he led. At the same time, the members of the court of ecclesiastical rank (Samuel, Bishop of Krutitsky, Gennady, Bishop of Suzdal, Archimandrite of the Novospassky Monastery John and Archpriest of the Preobrazhensky Regiment Andrei), although they agreed with the verdict, but refrained from signing its final text (“maximum”), since the verdict the death penalty was provided for, and “since we are of clergy, we cannot begin to sign the maxim.”

The sentence was carried out on January 10 (21), 1775 on Bolotnaya Square. According to the stories of contemporaries (conveyed, in particular, in Pushkin’s “History of Pugachev”), the executioner had a secret instruction from Catherine II to reduce the torment of the condemned, and Pugachev and Perfilyev were first beheaded and only then quartered. Standing on the scaffold, Pugachev crossed himself at the cathedrals, bowed in all directions and said: “ Forgive me, Orthodox people, forgive me what I have sinned against you... forgive me, Orthodox people!”

“A few minutes later, the head cut off by the executioner was shown to the people and ended up on a spoke, the rest of the body on a wheel. The execution of Perfilyev was the last official quartering in Russia.

After the execution of Pugachev, all his relatives changed their last name to Sychev, the village of Zimoveyskaya was renamed Potemkinskaya.

Pugachev’s first wife Sofya Dmitrievna and Trofim’s children, Agrafena and Christina, as well as his second wife, Ustinya Petrovna (Kuznetsova), were sentenced to be kept in the Kexholm fortress.

Career

Pugacheva’s first serious achievement was participation in the 5th All-Union Competition of Pop Performers. She is awarded the consolation third prize only thanks to the intercession of the authoritative jury. From this moment, dramatic changes begin, the road to the international competition “Golden Orpheus” opens for her. The artist is recommended by Konstantin Orbelyan.

Before this, the singer had minor successes:

Participation in tours with the variety program “Bang-bang, or Satirical shots at misses” by Livshits and Levenbuk.
Recording of the song “Robot” for the radio program “Good Morning!”
Collaboration with Shainsky and victory in “Song of the Year” on All-Union Radio.
Participating in the broadcast of the children's program “Alarm Clock”, Pugacheva sings the song “Coming from the Cinema”.
Tour along the Ob and Irtysh rivers as part of the propaganda team of Radio Yunost.

From 1969 to 1974, Pugacheva toured a lot, but performed mainly at small venues. As part of creative groups, she sings in cultural centers of towns, villages and villages located in the most remote corners of the country.

Memory

USSR postage stamp dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the Peasant War of 1773-1775, E. I. Pugachev, 1973, 4 kopecks (CFA 4282, Scott 4125)

House-museum of E. Pugachev in the city of Uralsk, Republic of Kazakhstan.
The city of Pugachev in the Saratov region is named in honor of E. Pugachev.
The village of Pugachevo in the Udmurt Republic is named in honor of E. Pugachev.
Streets in Tver, St. Petersburg, Saransk, Yoshkar-Ola, etc.
A monument was erected in Saransk in honor of E. Pugachev.
Pugachev Oak is an oak tree on the territory of the Maple Mountain massif of the Mari Chodra National Park (Volzhsky district, Mari El). According to legend, after the defeat near Kazan in 1774, Emelyan Pugachev climbed to the crown of this oak tree and from there watched Kazan burning.
Mountain in the city of Magnitogorsk.
Pugachevskaya Hill in Chelyabinsk.
Emelyan Pugacheva Street in the city of Orel.
Emelyan Pugachev Street in the city of Kaliningrad.
Emelyan Pugacheva Street in the city of Saratov.