James Cook was born in the village of Marton in Yorkshire, now a suburb of Middlesbrough. He was baptized at the local church of St Cuthbert, where even today his name can be read in the parish register. The Mariner was the second of eight children of James, a Scottish farmer, and local resident Grace from Thornaby-on-Tees. Even a short biography of James Cook is replete with enormous achievements in the field of geography, which are difficult to overestimate.
Early years
In 1736 the Cook family moved from their farm to Airy Hill Great Ayton. In 1741, after 5 years of primary school, he began working for his father, who became a farm manager.
In 1745, at the age of sixteen, he moved 20 miles north to the fishing village of Staiths to begin an apprenticeship as a grocer with William Sanderson. Historians believe that it was here that Cook first became captivated by the sea visible through the window of a local store.
Eighteen months later, while seeking a position as a storekeeper, Cook left for the nearby port town of Whitby. Here he was introduced to John Sanderson and Henry Walker, large shipowners who were interested in the coal trade. Their house was subsequently converted into the Captain Cook Memorial Museum. James was hired as a mate on a merchant ship of the fleet transporting coal along the English coast. His maiden voyage took place aboard the ship Freelove. He spent several years on it and on other ships. As part of his training in the basics of serving in the navy, Cook began to master:
- algebra;
- geometry;
- trigonometry;
- navigation;
- astronomy.
After three years of training, Cook began working on merchant ships in the Baltic Sea. Since 1752, he became the second commander on board the next ship. In 1755, as Britain prepared for the Seven Years' War, James decided to volunteer for the Royal Navy . He knew that he would be given the lowest rank in the naval hierarchy, but he understood that his career would develop much faster and more successfully here. On June 7, Cook entered military service.
Kaylee was a budding tennis player in her youth.
Cuoco played tennis from the age of three and dreamed of becoming a professional athlete. The girl rose quite high in the youth ratings and would probably have made her dream come true, but at the age of 16 she completely switched her attention to her acting career.
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Family members
On December 21, 1762, Cook married Elizabeth Butts (1742−1835), daughter of Samuel Butts, one of his mentors and part-time manager at The Bell Inn Wapping. The wedding took place at St Margaret's Church in Essex. The couple had six children:
- James (1763−1794);
- Nathaniel (1764−1781);
- Elizabeth (1767−1771);
- Joseph (1768−1768);
- George (1772−1772);
- Hugh (1776−1793).
When Cook was not swimming, he lived in London's East End.
Early career in the Royal Navy
In October and November 1755, the navigator participated in the capture of a French warship and the sinking of another. He received his first command in March 1756, when he briefly became commander of a cruiser.
In June 1757, the frigate HMS Solebay was placed under his command. It was captained by Captain Robert Craig at the same time as Cook. During this period, James took part in minor battles, trying to reach the shores of the British Isles.
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In 1992, the actress starred in the little-known film Quicksand: No Exit, which tells the story of an architect falsely accused of murder. Donald Sutherland played the detective, Tim Matheson played the architect, and Kaylee played his daughter.
Conquest of Canada
During the Seven Years' War, Cook served in North America on HMS Pembroke, a 60-gun Royal Navy ship, as a captain. in 1758 he took part in an assault that caused significant damage to the French fortress of Louisbourg. Cook moved to Quebec headquarters in 1759 and immediately demonstrated talents in topography and cartography, drawing important charts, including the St. Lawrence River.
This work made it possible to launch a surprise attack on the enemy on September 12-13, 1759. The attack ended in a clear victory for the British forces. The battle was decisive in the conflict between France and Great Britain and allowed the latter to secure Canadian territory.
Topographical abilities were used by a navigator in the 1760s to compile geographical maps of the coast of the island. Newfoundland. Cook soon came to the attention of the Admiralty - this was a decisive moment not only for his career. Cook's outline chart was used by everyone who sailed off the coast of Newfoundland for the next 200 years.
First expedition to the Pacific Ocean
In 1766, the Royal Society commissioned a navigator to sail to the Pacific Ocean to observe the passage of Venus in front of the Sun (June 3-4 of that year). At the age of 39, he was promoted to lieutenant and appointed commander of the expedition. James sailed on 26 August 1768 on HMS and arrived in Tahiti on 13 April 1769. There he built a small observatory - Fort Venus - to observe the movement of celestial bodies, but due to the low accuracy of scientific instruments of that time, the measurement results turned out to be uninformative.
At the end of the expedition, Cook presented the secret data collected to the Admiralty. They contained information about the South Pacific. The search for the mythical continent of Terra Australis Incognito was also described. Its existence was questioned by Cook, but the Royal Survey Society (notably Alexander Dalrymple) had a different opinion.
Thanks to the help of a Pacific Islander, Tupaia, who knew the geography of the South Pacific, the expedition reached New Zealand. Cook was then the second from Europe (after Abel Tasman in 1642) to reach the state. He circumnavigated the world, opening a strait named after the navigator and separating the North Island from the South Island. Fun fact: The explorer made a small mistake by mapping Banks Island, which was actually a peninsula.
Cook then sailed west to reach the southeast coast of Australia on April 19, 1770. He became the first European to explore the coast of the new continent. On 23 April he first recorded an Australian Aboriginal island near Bawley Point, noting in his diary: “...we were so close to the coast that we could distinguish several people on the beach near the sea - they were very dark or black in color, and this was their true color skin and hair."
On April 29, Cook and his crew moored off the Kurnell Peninsula. Cook first named the area Stingray Bay. Stingrays lived there in large numbers, but later its name was changed to a new one - Botany Bay. This happened after the restoration of unique plant species by botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Karlsson Solander.
Here the first direct contacts with local tribes took place. When Captain Arthur Philip later arrived with his fleet in 1788, he thought it was a small bay suitable for founding a colony and landed a little further north in what is now the city of Sydney.
It is noteworthy that during this voyage not a single team under Cook’s control fell ill with scurvy. The ship's cook forced sailors to eat citrus fruits and sauerkraut, which led to the first discoveries about the connection between the disease and vitamin C deficiency.
Cook's journals described thousands of species of plants, insects and animals. The sailors met new ethnic groups along the way and explored vast continents. These notes were published in 1773 and soon created a sensation in the scientific community.
Biography of Kaley Cuoco
1. Date of birth: 11/30/1985.
2. Middle name Christine.
3. Father is Italian, mother is from England.
4. My younger sister's name is Brianna (6 years difference).
5. At the time of the birth of the eldest daughter, the family lived in California.
6. From Italian the surname translates as “to cook.”
7. From the age of three I studied in the sports section and dreamed of becoming a professional tennis player.
8. In tennis, Kaylee achieved excellent results and joined the national team.
9. At the same time, the girl attended an acting school and starred in commercials.
10. Kayley did not attend a regular school, but received her education at home.
11. From the age of seven she participated in theatrical productions.
12. By the age of 16, the future actress realized that success in the acting field exceeds sporting achievements and that this is her calling. She began to pay less attention to sports, but did not give it up completely.
13. Kaylee is a vegetarian.
14. Loves animals. She has three dogs, a cat and a horse.
15. Constantly keeps himself in good shape and regularly goes to the gym.
Photo: www.flickr.com/celebrityabc
16. In 2004, the girl had her breasts enlarged using plastic surgery. Kaylie did not hide this fact from the press and considers this step the best decision in life.
Photo: www.flickr.com/alien_artifact
17. In 2014, the actress underwent surgery to correct the nasal septum. The girl told fans that for many years she could not fully breathe through her nose and now got rid of the problem. Many believe that Kaylie simply decided to transform herself and turned to plastic surgeons for help.
18. It's hard to believe, but Kaylee has natural hair color. They simply fade in the sun, which creates the effect of bleached strands. Sometimes she just slightly corrects the shade with toners.
19. The actress regularly reads the latest information about herself on the Internet, and pays a lot of attention to user comments. This sometimes does not have the best effect on her psychological state, since she takes everything too close to her heart.
20. Kaylee considers herself the perfect embodiment of healthy feminism, as she is completely self-sufficient, has two homes of her own, and is completely independent.
Photo: www.flickr.com/celebrityabc
Second voyage
Soon after returning from his first voyage - in August 1771 - Cook was promoted to commander of the Royal Navy . The Admiralty sent him on a trip again, this time in search of the legendary Terra Australis Incognito. On his first trip, Cook unsuccessfully explored almost the entire east coast of Australia, but continued to believe that Terra Australis must be located somewhere further south.
Cook took command of the first ship , while Tobias Furneaux was appointed helmsman of the second ship, HMS Adventure. On August 1, Cook made his first stop at the port of Funchal on Madeira. After spending 2 weeks on the Cape Verde Islands, he sailed towards the Cape of Good Hope.
The ships left Cape Town on November 22, 1772, heading for the South Atlantic region, where the French navigator Bouvet claimed to have sighted land. In early December, the ship was sailing in thick fog, when suddenly the sailors saw “ice islands.” Cook, however, did not find the island that Bouvet allegedly saw at the stated latitude of 54°. The expedition went even further south and continued its trip around the world.
Cook became the first European to cross the Arctic Circle of Antarctica on January 17, 1773, reaching coordinates 71° 10″ south. In foggy Antarctica, two ships that were part of the expedition separated at the indicated point. Furneaux was the first to reach the place outlined on the map by Cook in 1770. Here he lost ten of his men in a violent confrontation with the Maori. From June to October, both ships jointly explored the South Pacific Ocean. The navigator almost reached the shores of Antarctica, but was forced to return to Tahiti to replenish the ship with provisions. Along the way, James Cook discovered the island of Omai Raiatea.
After reaching the Tonga Archipelago on the friendly islands, the ships returned to New Zealand for the winter, but were forced to separate again, this time due to a storm on 22 October. Furneaux sailed to the mainland. Cook continued to explore Antarctica, reaching coordinates 71° 10′ on January 31, 1774.
This was followed by the discovery of New Caledonia (September 4). Cook finally sailed for his homeland in November 1774. On his way home, crossing the South Pacific, he again moored at Tonga, then at Easter Island, and five weeks later he reached the island. Tierra del Fuego, where he stayed for two weeks. Cook then headed to the South Atlantic.
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The actors stayed together for about two years - from 2008 to 2010. Kaylie and Johnny were extremely professional on set even after they broke up. On screen, their characters turned out to be much happier: Leonard and Penny got married in the 9th season of The Big Bang Theory.
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Third trip
On his final voyage, Cook again took over as captain while Captain Charles Clerk commanded the second vessel, HMS Discovery. The purpose of the trip was to try to discover the famous northwest current, between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, passing through the northern part of North America. Initially, the Admiralty wanted Clerk to lead the expedition, with Cook, who was officially retired, to accompany the team as a consultant .
However, compared to his competitor, Cook was a real expert in the seas where the Clerk had to sail. As a result, the Admiralty again placed its trust in the old explorer, appointing him as commander, and Clerk was relegated to the background.
Cook stopped in Tahiti, then sailed north and in 1778 became the first European to visit Hawaii, which he called the Sandwich Islands. He also explored the US West Coast, including:
- Vancouver Island;
- Gulf of California;
- Bering Strait.
The navigator mapped the northwest coast of North America.
